The aim of this study is to find the impact of inflation on savings. Primary data were collected through Questionnaire, which was administered in 300 individual consumers of different demographics. Data was analyzed through Correlation, One-way ANOVA and Independent T-Test. The findings showed that the inflation affects lower class more than middle class consumers. Impact of occupation is different for inflation: Labor & Retried consumers are affected more by inflation as compared to Govt. employees, Private employees and Business/Agriculture consumers. Findings also showed that Inflation decreases not only permanent income but also transitory income. Impact of occupation is different for permanent as well as transitory income. The mean score of Labor, Retried consumers on permanent and transitory income is less than the government employees, Private employees and Business/Agriculture consumers. Findings also showed that Inflation decreases savings and the impact of occupation is also different for savings. Labor & Retried consumers save less as compared to Govt. employees, Private employees and Business/Agriculture consumers. This research has implications for consumers, producers as well as for policy makers.

This article aims at study the extent to which the Non-Governmental Organization (NGOs) has contributed equity and welfare of rural communities in Sindh, Pakistan. It is argued that in Pakistan, most of the NGOs are operational with major emphasis on poverty alleviation. This is on the pretext of reduced role of public sector in addressing issues of poverty in rural areas. Whereas, poverty could be an outcome of policies that largely ignores welfare and equitable distribution of resources in the society. The proposition for this research is to consider NGO as an alternative entity towards significantly tackling the rural poverty. The research carried out in the district Badin, Sindh Pakistan.

This paper attempts to find out the hurdles in achieving the required objectives of teaching of English language subjects at school levels in Sindh. The population of the study includes all the teachers teaching English at secondary school level in Sindh province. The convenient sampling method is adopted, through which total sample size n=40 teachers (18 male and 22 Females) are selected. The questionnaire is designed and validated and made reliable through piloting. The data is analyzed using tables. Findings exposed that factors such as lack of teacher’s academic and professional qualification; lack of refresher trainings; limited teaching resources; and particular environment affected the attainment of objectives. Researchers recommend appointment of academic and professionally trained teachers for English subject, provision of teaching aids and learning environment and providing ongoing professional development opportunities to teachers for overcoming challenges.

The research has explored the impact of the bureaucratic elite on constitution making of Pakistan during 1947-56. It elaborates the causes of the emergence of bureaucracy as ruling authority that restrained the constitutional development in Pakistan in the specific period. While assuming the hypothesis that uncontrolled bureaucracy created hurdles in the development of constitution making in Pakistan. This paper explores the constitutional history of Pakistan during the first decade (1947-1956). Historical analysis of constitutional development presented in this paper will help students of politics and history to learn about the dominant role of bureaucracy. Mixed approach method has been adopted to describe and analyze the facts and figures related to the topic for providing the readers thorough information about the set-up and impact of bureaucracy in Pakistan that caused a delay in the formation of the constitution during the period of 1947-56.

Climate Change is an assorted setback that shaped many more effects linked to environment and economic distress in Pakistan. The research is intended to find out those sound effects on wheat productivity and its importance in Sindh province of Pakistan. The present research is to estimation of dependent variable i.e. wheat yield/productivity on the basis of the known or fixed values of the explanatory variables (temperature and precipitation and others were agricultural credit, wheat procurement Price, fertilizer, land and water availability) with relation to the climate change impact. A time series data of last twenty (20) years (1994-95 to 2014-15) has been processed by using Vector Auto Regression (VAR) model. Pakistan is on 06th position of wheat production, 8th place of area except 59th in terms of productivity/yield and that is the big threat to agricultural productivity due to rapid climate change pattern. The average wheat yield of country is approximately 2504.58 kg ha-1. The results and predicted values after the analysis show that the rise in temperature will decrease the wheat productivity. The coefficient for the precipitation level and temperature were depressing as well as insignificant signifying negative link between planting phase and wheat productivity. The attended R square significance for the regression equation was 0.2731, engaging that factors and comprised in the equation have explained at the minimum 27 percent deviation in wheat productivity. The estimated values of regression parameters such as Y-intercept, temperature and precipitation level were calculated as -0.235 and -0.670532 respectively. It was observed comprehensively that the implication of climate change is the key threat to food security and its growth.

Motivation is the driving force that can make an employee efficient at work. Women’s self-motivation can play a significant role in their professional success. Moreover, self-motivation to perform multiple responsibilities at work has major impact on women’s representation in process of decision-making. Women actively take part into various sectors of economy but are poorly represented at decision making positions. In medical field, bunch of females are working side by side with male. However, their role, particularly at decision making positions is limited across the world. Therefore, this research has focused on analyzing the extent to which women participate at decision making positions in medical field with special focus on public sector medical institutions of Pakistan. Therefore, one of the leading public sector medical universities i.e. Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences, Jamshoro has been selected as sample medical institute in Pakistan to present the findings. Study results confirmed that women’s self-motivation has significant impact on their representation in decision making position.

Harmony among the people in society is not reflected only through their regional affiliation but also through abstract, ideational or conceptual relationship prevailing in the society. Clarity of concepts results into firm beliefs and shun the human behavior from confusion and vacillation. In the present study, the relation of causal connection and meaning was analyzed in the perspective of causal theory of reference. After a comprehensive analysis it was concluded that for unambiguous and prompt transfer of newly developed knowledge (ideas or concepts) causal connection need to be strengthened at appropriate level. In case of delayed transfer due to weak/breakage of causal connection, the purity of information may be distorted and confusion prevailed in the society about the phenomenon to be disseminated. In this regard, efforts may be put in to reduce the communication gap as much as possible among the people of a society. The acceptance of world as a global village among people of different nations all over the world is a big success in this regard.

This study focuses on the “letters to the editor” section of daily Dawn, which is an oldest international English newspaper of Pakistan founded by Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah the founder of Pakistan. Communication experts believe that the feedback is one of the key elements in the communication process. Thus, the print media uses ‘letter to the editor’ as a main source of feedback from readers. Scholars call it a public forum where readers can express their ideas and opinions. However, the other end of the issue again remains dark; as yet the selection process of the letters written to the editor to be published in the newspaper remains under the control of editors. And that process and criteria is not made public. Hence, to the best knowledge of the researcher, this study is a first effort of its kind in Pakistan to analyze the demographic and geographical identification of writers who contribute to ‘letter to editor section’ of the newspaper. For data collection letters to the editor pages of print version of newspaper Daily Dawn in English-language have been selected as a sample to be analyzed through quantitative content analysis for the period of one month – January 2015 arbitrarily. The one month data constituted a total of 282 letters and 29 issues of the newspaper. The data have been presented in tabular form and then is discussed and interpreted.

In the South Asian region, there are several threats to peace in security. Major source of conflicts between India and Pakistan is anm issue of Kashmir which has remained unresolved. Thus India and Pakistan have not yet been able to develop friendly relations. Pakistan since its establishment in 1947 has made efforts to normalize relations with its neighbor, but Indian response was discouraging. The conflicts among these two states have disturbed the balance of power in the region which has been maintained by nuclear weapons. Pakistan and India realize the value of nuclear deterrence, due to which war could be averted several times after over nuclearization of both countries. Regrettably, the evolving trends at regional and global level do not fully guarantee the continuation of strategic stability, attempting to weaken the deterrence regime. Indian cold start doctrine and proactive strategy are efforts in the same direction. With massive investment in conventional arms buildup and offensive posturing, India is repeatedly attempting to undermine the credibility of deterrence regime thus adding to uncertainty, therefore, a phenomenon of ‘No War No Peace’ will continue to dominate the regional landscape of South Asia. The aim of this paper is to explore the factors which contribute instability in the region. It also analyzes the nuclear doctrines of India and their impact on over all security of the region.

Ever since the creation of Pakistan, its founder Muhammad Ali Jinnah has been debated regarding proclivities of his ideology of a nation state. His personality has been interpreted very differently by different scholars, politicians and literati. Likewise, the issue, that whether a state can have ideology on the pattern of ‘ideology of Pakistan’ or not, has been deliberated upon. Intellectuals with liberal leanings argue that Jinnah was a liberal and progressive constitutionalist in his demeanor and he wanted a liberal democratic and progressive country in which all citizens could live life in accordance with their faith without highhandedness from an individual, organizations or state it-self. On the other hand, the Islamists argue that Jinnah was a staunch Muslim and he established Pakistan to be a laboratory of Islam in the world so that international community could witness principles of Islam in practice. They stress that Pakistan was created as an Islamic country, meant for Muslims only and livable with implementation of Sharia alone. The former group holds that Jinnah was a nationalist and he did not want partition of India on communal lines. This is corroborated by Jinnah’s acceptance of Cabinet Mission Plan in which Jinnah acceded to an undivided India and that Jinnah only wanted maximum constitutional securities for the Muslims of India. It was circumstances and Congress doggedness that caused creation of Pakistan eventually. The latter group, however, claims that Jinnah wanted a country to be a ‘citadel of Islam’ and he wanted religion to be strictly implemented and practiced in it. This is an interesting debate but unfortunately it has produced serious consequences for the country too. The present militant struggle for Sharia is derived and exploited on the basis of the aforementioned debate about the demeanor of Jinnah and the nature of Pakistan he wanted to establish.

Women are facing various socio-cultural problems including domestic violence, gender discrimination and un-equal status in all over the world. In developed countries, they have been able to empower, themselves, much better than in the developing countries, where the women are considered inferior to men and thus they are not treated equally. The teaching of Holy Prophet Muhammad (Peace be Upon Him) gave the women equal social and economic rights. At the end of the nineteenth century most of the South Asian countries recognized women’s role for the development and economic growth, although at limited scale but very encouraging seeing that the participation of the women in the all sectors of economy has positive impact on the overall growth of economy of those countries. This paper aims to provide literature on women rights in the light of Islam. It also investigates the women’s role before the industrial revolution in the western world.

The study aims to investigate the factors which affect the buying behaviour of the consumers and their attitudes towards counterfeit products. The study is also set out to examine the relationship of consumers’ buying behavior towards counterfeit product with purchase intention. The authors used primary data which was collected through questionnaire consisting of 12 questions. A survey of 100 respondents was conducted in the educational institutes and offices of Karachi. Regression model was used to test the hypothesis postulated and research questions. It was discovered that there is no impact of counterfeit products on consumer buying behaviour. By having a better understanding of the consumers’ behavioral intentions of buying counterfeit products, the manufacturers and marketers of the genuine brand products can make better marketing strategies to attract the consumer to buy the original product and not the counterfeit version. Theoretical contribution of this study is an extension of knowledge of consumers’ buying behaviour with regards to counterfeit products in the fashion industry of Karachi.

The research in relation to teacher training has chiefly focused on the development of personal features of a teacher so that the best way is found to teach content; while lacking emphasis on development of teacher to understand complex teaching process entirely. Educating teacher is a process to execute sense of creativity in a teacher and the process needs clear, evidence based teacher who can be a model in effective teaching. In fact the existing effective teacher models failed to emphasize important elements desirable for development of effective teacher and could not integrate complex components into a coherent whole; and direly needed a discussion medium in a intangible framework for development of effective teachers. This research argues for such elements required for development of a model for an effective teacher. The model provided by this research not only highlights the domains of effective teaching that mainly develops interest in educating teachers, periodical teacher testing for his content and pedagogical knowledge, also referred to as pedagogical content knowledge; but also personal knowledge and knowledge of context of teachers is taken in account. It is suggestible that this should not just be the knowledge that teachers possesses in certain areas comprising overall environment including physical and social environments, intellectuality and emotional environment of the teacher should overlap and interact accordingly. The teacher evaluation is suggested because examining teachers not only challenges teacher trainers to reorganize the techniques they employ for pre-service and in-service teacher trainings; but also assist to assess and reward the teachers accordingly.

This paper investigates the relationship between the brain drain, remittances, technology (cell phone) and economic growth in India, Nepal and Pakistan for the period 2000-2014. The expected results are based on investment in remittances, GDP per capita, use of cell phone and brain drain of human capital. The insertion of new technology, remittances and market reforms of each country play vital role for economic growth. The use of cell phone has positive effect on economic growth. Nevertheless, the remittances play basic and vital role for the economic growth. The Hausman, random and fixed effects tests are used to determine the association among GDP per capita, use of cell phone, remittances, and brain drain.

Islamabad is a capital territory hosting around 8 million inhabitant, out of which 30 percent people have their abodes in slum areas of the city. Slums are defined as populous urban areas crowded by dirty houses with lack of sanitation facilities and social disintegration. Pakistan has 37 % urban population with 3.97% annual growth rate. Total slum population of Pakistan is 47%. People living in such slum areas do not have proper access to water, sanitation, and health and education facilities as envisaged in the Constitution of Pakistan 1973. They are not treated at par with other dwellers of posh areas of Islamabad in terms of basic facilities. People in slum areas are living below standard lives. Availability of basic needs of life is their born right but they are denied due to certain reason and lethargic attitude of the Parliamentarians and ineffective role of Capital Development Authority. The pathetic conditions of slums need proper and prompt response and attention of the people at the helm of affairs so that slum dwellers can lead safe and hygienic life. The object of this study is to deal with the service provision issues and to present solutions for upgrading of slums areas of Islamabad and to provides the information and facilitation to Government agencies and development partners to initiate development scheme.

The teacher feedback has been considered very essential in improving students’ academic learning specifically in the field of English language learning. This study used survey methods to collect data about the perceptions of University students carried and their preferences for teacher feedback on the following five components of composition i.e. organization, content/ideas, grammar, vocabulary and mechanics at the University of Sindh, Jamshoro. The findings/results suggest that the students of the university paid prodigious attention every time to the teacher feedback given on all the above components of composition and gave great importance to the teacher written feedback given on their written task. The results, in a way, indicate the students’ interest of learning from the teacher feedback and emphasize that teachers should be constant in giving feedback to students.

The study is aimed at investigating the relationship between internet addiction and study habits of university undergraduates. There were two hypotheses of the study: (1) Internet addiction affects study habits of University undergraduates, (2) There is negative correlation between internet addiction and study habits and attitudes among University undergraduates. Sample of the study comprised 100 University undergraduates. Students of different departments of University of Sindh were taken as a population. Simple random sampling technique was used for data collection the responses are collected by using two questionnaires: (i) Internet Addiction by Young (1996), (ii) Study Habits and Attitude Inventory (SHAI) (Malik & Nagina, 2013), the data is analyzed through statistical tools (SPSS) version 22. The results of the study suggested that internet addiction is significantly correlated with study habits of university undergraduates. The present study also provides a room for future research to be done on a larger scale.

The gender gap in politics is a universal phenomenon analyzed and discussed by scholars around the World. Though the gender gap in Western democracies is about to close but it still exists in all forms of participatory activities in developing countries including Pakistan. The issue of female under-representation has been governmental concern under certain international commitments but gender gap in participation has not been addressed properly either by government or scholars working in the field of gender and politics in Pakistan. The study contributes to the existing literature by identifying the main actor responsible for this stigma of low participation.

During the colonial period (1843-1947) Khaipur was one of the princely states of British India. In Khairpur state the administration was so effective that the crime rate was lowest in Khairpur state in comparison with other parts of India. The system of crime prevention and detection was very effective in the state. Peaceful conditions and improved law and order during the state times were a result of efficient administrative system of Khairpur state. However, when the state joined Pakistan and it was converted merely into a division under the One-unit policy in 1955, the bureaucracy began to dominate the administrative affairs of state and played political role in Khairpur. The aim of this paper is to analyze the role of bureaucracy in Khairpur during the post-Colonial period.

There has been a polarized debate about Lean Production that whether it is humanizing or dehumanizing production system. The aim of the study is to find flaws in Lean Production. As Lean Production was considered a successful post-industrial system until the late 1980s, but 1990s appeared as an era of mixed response, from which questions were raised against its negative sides. This study supports the issue of dehumanizing Lean Production System. In the beginning, the system was appreciated for its approach towards workers and its flexibility. However, in early 1990s the system came under much of the criticism. Toyota Production System or Lean Production was for a long time been believed as a method which had humanized the workplace by employee involvement techniques such as empowerment, participation and teamwork. However recent studies suggest that Lean Production is a dehumanizing method of production which carries on the tradition of worker exploitation for production. However, it seems to disguise itself under the concept of employee involvement and empowerment.

This research study aims to investigate the motivation of Sindhi speaking female students to learn English language, belonging to lower socio economic status .English is a language which is gateway to many opportunities .People globally have witnessed the worth of acquiring this language skills. This is the reason that despite having emotional attachment with their mother tongue language, the learner is motivated to learn this foreign/second language. She can be interactively or instrumentally motivated. It is worth researching that whether the Sindhi speaking female students from lower socio-economic status are motivated or not and what is their motivation orientation (integrative or instrument) to learn English. To conduct this research, quantitative research method was used. A questionnaire was developed by the researcher to collect data based on Attitude and Motivation Test Battery (AMTB). Total numbers of fifty Sindhi speaking female students from lower socio- economic class were chosen randomly as the participants of this study. All the participants were students. The data findings revealed that the participants were motivated to learn English irrespective of the socio economic issues faced by them. However; they were more instrumentally motivated than they had integrative motivation to learn English. Thus the results revealed that the participants gave more preference to the perceived practical benefits of learning English.

Medium of instruction plays vital role in imparting quality education. This study analyses the issue of medium of instruction in Pakistan. It critically presents review of language policies in Pakistan and discusses role of language planning and bilingual education in the context of education in Pakistan. This study found that medium of instruction is politically handled in Pakistan. Furthermore, it was also found that there is gap in the educational policies and the international research. The study suggests that in Pakistani context also additive Bilingual education should be introduced that ascertain the mother tongue education in the early education of child.